Key Sources, annotated by our class:

By: Robert B., Colin G., Amy H., and Ayah K.

Amezcua, Mike. “Deportation and Demolition.” In Making Mexican Chicago. University of Chicago Press, 2022.
- This chapter in Mike Amezcua’s seminal work on the history of the Mexican community in Chicago, which won the 2023 First Book Award from the Immigration and Ethnic History Society, deals specifically with the ways in which mid century urban renewal policies that targeted Chicago’s Near West Side overlapped with the Immigration and Naturalization Service’s (INS) military-style deportation campaign of Mexicans- known as “Operation Wetback”. Amezcua first examines twentieth century Mexican immigration to the U.S., their participation in the industrial economy, and the origins of Operation Wetback; then detailing the operation’s campaign in Chicago. It’s explained that as the Near West Side was by 1954 the largest Mexican community in both Chicago and the Midwest, the INS viewed a thorough infiltration of the neighborhood as crucial in their operation. Amezcua then details the dragnet general search raids which characterized Operation Wetback on the Near West Side, striking the terrible fear of disposession and deportation into the entire community; as well as the highly rationalized economy of detainment and deportation that formed around the operation. At the same time, the City of Chicago had formulated back-door urban renewal plans calling for the wholesale demolition of much of the Near West Side in which the Mexican community was concentrated. When community leaders of the Near West Side attempted to organize a multiethnic planning board in an attempt to democratically engage with urban renewal, the Mexican community concentrated along Halsted between Harrison and Roosevelt was ultimately sold-out by their neighbors who negotiated for the preservation of blocks West of Racine- all but ensuring the demolition of the Mexican community east of Racine. When this area of land (the ‘Harrison-Halsted’ site) was then given to the University of Illinois for the construction of its Chicago expansion campus, the demolition, dispossession, and erasure of the Near West Side’s Mexican community that followed was part and parcel with the mass-deportation campaign of Operation Wetback. This chapter of Amezcua’s book is particularly essential reading for anyone concerned with the history of UIC and urban renewal because the perspective of the Mexican community within these histories have been largely underrepresented.
Baldwin, Davarian L. “The Reparations Movement in Higher Education.” The Thinking Republic. October, 11 2021. https://www.thethinkingrepublic.com/being-counted/the-reparations-movement-in-higher-education.
- Davarian Baldwin is an urban historian known for his recent book In the Shadow of the Ivory Tower: How Universities are Plundering our Cities. In this related article, he presents a chronology of reparations, tracing the idea to even before the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. He highlights the growing popularity of reparations over time, particularly the more recent movements occurring within academia. While activism in the 1990s began to target specific solutions and institutional players, it was not until the 2010s and specifically the publication of Ebony and Ivory by Craig Wilder that a deluge of institutions began contending with their histories in earnest. Many institutions began to grapple with their position on indigenous lands, racist development practices, and deleterious impacts on the surrounding community. Baldwin profiles these efforts and amplifies new grassroots movements while importantly questioning the increasing formation and reach of collegiate police departments.
Baldwin, James. Fifth Avenue Uptown. Esquire. Hearst Magazine Media. October 16, 2011. https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a3638/fifth-avenue-uptown/
- James Baldwin was an African American writer and a major social activist who spoke out against racial and class inequality. In this essay he discusses the contrast of the Harlem neighborhood and the white neighborhoods of Fifth Avenue. Baldwin (and many others) consider Harlem the heart of Black culture, but the residents faced disparities compared to white neighborhoods. In this article Baldwin focuses on the social cost of redevelopment, which is the erasure of a neighborhood’s culture. He also points out that this erasure and expulsion of minorities benefit the business elite, which in turn shows how social, business and political influence were working together to further racial and class inequality.
Baldwin, Peter. Major Problems in American Urban and Suburban History. 2nd ed. Edited by Howard Chucadoff. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005, 391-411.
- In the chapter “Race and Redevelopment” in this anthology, the idea of imagined redevelopment versus the reality of slum clearance is shown with six documents both from government officials and the people actually experiencing the “redevelopment”. This source is helpful in seeing the major gap in how redevelopment and Urban Renewal were proposed and how they were put into action. There are sources from government officials praising Urban renewal and saying how it will benefit the people in the neighborhoods in the long run, but also a letter from a family pleading for their neighborhood to be spared from Urban Renewal because the reality was that they were going to lose their home and they do not have the resources to do so. The way that Urban Renewal was marketed to the public was that it was beneficial to the neighborhoods, but instead it displaced and destroyed the neighborhoods.
Beuttler, Fred W, Melvin G Holli, and Robert V. (Robert Vincent) Remini. The University of Illinois at Chicago : A Pictorial History. Charleston, S.C: Arcadia, 2000.
- Serving as an annotated gallery, this book boasts about 200 photos that frame UIC’s institutional history positively. Its early days were notably white and male, but the evolving university campus and culture we know today appears gradually even if you thumb through. Other books of this genre (such as Tanner, “Nestch Campus”) focus—rightly—on the dramatic physical transformation of the Harrison-Halsted site. This volume’s strictly chronological approach weaves student life and academic achievements into the story, which helps illuminate interconnections with other circumstances of the time. This is not the piece to read about the views of those displaced by UIC, although there are interesting tidbits hiding in some of the annotations, such as the fact that Florence Scala’s husband was fired from his bartending job for merely being associated with his activist wife (80). Otherwise, the piece was clearly assembled by people proud of UIC, which may make it useful for comparisons with other versions of the story “from below.” It may also have value as a pocket reference to some of the most-reproduced photographs of UIC’s official history as an institution.
Bryan, Mary Lynn McCree, and Allen Freeman Davis. 100 Years at Hull-House. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
- This book talks about the first 100 years of Hull House’s history. The Hull House buildings were destroyed in 1963 to build UIC. Hull house was a settlement community where people who served the local community worked and lived. Many conducted fun programs for children such as arts and crafts, summer camps, pottery classes, and a kindergarten. There were sewing lessons, dances and potlucks held at the dining hall at Hull House. There was even a nursery for young working mothers to put their children in and a book binding room. Thousands in the local communities of the Near West Side relied on Hull House for medical services, immigration help and other services.The decision had been made in 1963 to build UIC on the Harrison-Halsted site, and the Hull House community had to move out of the area. The Hull House Settlement Board willingly sold all the buildings to U of I for nearly 1,000,000 dollars. The buildings of Hull House were mostly destroyed except for the two buildings you can see today in front of Student Center East. That was kept as a memorial to Hull House and Jane Addams, the founder of Hull House. This book details Hull House’s relationships with the Near West Side communities in 1940s and into the 1960s. Some of these communities were served well by Hull House, but some, such as Black communities, were not served equally.
Cohen, Adam (Adam Seth), and Elizabeth (Elizabeth Joel) Taylor. American Pharaoh : Mayor Richard J. Daley : His Battle for Chicago and the Nation. First edition. Boston: Little, Brown, 2000. 208-233.
- This section in Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor’s biography of Richard J. Daley deals specifically with the ways in which Daley’s urban renewal policies interacted with first the University of Chicago and then the University of Illinois. Noting that Daley had supported the renewal of Hyde Park even before becoming mayor, Cohen and Taylor then detail Daley’s mayoral endorsement of the University of Chicago’s 1958 Final Plan, explaining his political and ideological support for the Plan’s desired effect of maintaining Hyde Park’s white and high-income population. Then turning to Daley’s influence on the construction of the University of Illinois at Chicago, Cohen and Taylor place emphasis on the origins of Daley’s 1958 Chicago Central Area Plan which outlined an unprecedented redevelopment of downtown Chicago. The essence of the plan lay in its aim to both reinvigorate the downtown business economy and to defend the business district borders from the surrounding working class neighborhoods; especially from the Black Belt to the south. In this regard, the Plan’s proposal for the construction of the new University of Illinois campus on rail yards south of the Loop was to act as a physical barrier between the central business district and a majority of Chicago’s African American population. Cohen and Taylor then explain the great lengths to which Daley, in partnership with downtown business interests organized under the Central Area Committee (CAC), politically maneuvered in order to secure not only the construction of the campus within Chicago city limits, but also to secure a location which would act as a racial and economic barrier to downtown. When the Harrison-Halsted site emerged as a possibility, Daley and the CAC seized immediately upon the opportunity and offered the site to the university. Because the fifty-five acre tract had already been designated for redevelopment and much of the land already owned by the city, Daley was able to plow through past ordinances and community opposition in order to quickly turn over the land to the university. Thus, the university at Harrison-Halsted would ultimately serve Daley’s desired purpose in acting as a physical barrier and economic contributor to the central business district. The political perspective offered in this account of UIC’s construction is highly valuable in understanding the competing interests and ideologies that undergirded the campus site selection process.
Chicago Covenants. Accessed November 18, 2024. https://www.chicagocovenants.com/
- Restrictive Covenants were contractual agreements that were used by white communities in many cities including Chicago, to prevent Blacks from owning homes–almost 80% of homes in Chicago. A racially restrictive covenant was basically a document that was signed by all neighbors on a block in which they agreed not to sell their homes to anyone who was not white. Written into the document was racist language specifically restricting Black residents–and at times others–from ever buying or renting homes with covenants. Blacks could not own homes and they could not borrow in traditional and secure ways from banks to pay for those homes, a practice reinforced by the government through redlining.This carried through generations of white family owners, until it was deemed unenforceable by the US Supreme Court in 1948. However, they continued to be used well into the 1950s. This project finds these restrictive covenants and maps where these homes were located, to see the extent and damage that these covenants had on Black home ownership in Chicago.
Coming Full Circle: The History of the University of Illinois Chicago. “Coming Full Circle: Introduction,” 2018. https://exhibits.library.uic.edu/uic-history/index?path=coming-full-circle-the-history-of-the-university-of-illinois-chicago.
- This is a timeline that charts UIC’s history and how it came into being. Included in the timeline was when the medical campus was incorporated, new colleges were created, and when the campus was built. It includes that there were multiple sites in consideration for UIC, and that the decision to build UIC in the Halsted-Harrison neighborhood was controversial. It does mention in detail the controversy surrounding the decision to build UIC on the Near West Side. The displacement of many Near West Side communities, Blacks, Latinos, Greeks, and Italians is mentioned. Their activism and efforts to fight back against the city’s decision was brave and noteworthy. The timeline mentions the destruction of the Hull House community and buildings. Additionally the timeline talks about the university’s original location, which was on Navy Pier. The university needed a new location because Navy Pier was not large enough to accommodate the growing student population.
Eastwood, Carolyn. 2002. Near West Side Stories : Struggles for Community in Chicago’s Maxwell Street Neighborhood. 1st ed. Chicago: Lake Claremont Press. 105-153
- Chapter 4 of Carolyn Eastwood’s book offers a historical overview of the Italian community on Chicago’s Near West Side so as to prime the reader for the following two chapters; which are an oral history of the community and their fight against the construction of the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) as told by lifelong Near West Side resident and prominent community activist Florence Scala. In chapter 5, Scala recounts her childhood on Taylor Street as the daughter of working class Italian immigrants; describing the thriving, tight-knit, and culturally-strong Italian community that formed on the Near West Side in the early 20th century. Scala’s account of her fulfilling childhood and the formation of a thriving Italian community serve to inform the reader of the powerful identification she held with the Near West Side which informed both her early participation in the Near West Side Panning Board and her later political struggle against the construction of UIC. In chapter 6, Scala details the establishment of the Near West Side Planning Board (NWSPB); describing the process as a collaboration between the Hull-House and community leaders in an attempt to effectively and democratically interact with urban renewal policies. Then turning to the struggle against the construction of UIC on the Harrison-Halsted site, Scala recounts the formation of the Harrison-Halsted Community Group and their gargantuan task of mounting a political struggle against the University of Illinois and the Daley machine. Of particular importance is Scala’s hindsight analyses of the political shortcomings of the NWSPB in which she places emphasis on the conflicts of interest of some members of the board, as well as the “betrayal” of the NWSPB by the Hull-House board. As Florence Scala was perhaps the foremost community activist involved in the struggle against the construction of UIC on the Harrison-Halsted site, this chapter is essential reading to anyone interested in understanding the history of UIC and/or the Near West Side.
Eng, Monica. “Daley Vs. Little Italy”.WBEZ Chicago. https://interactive.wbez.org/curiouscity/littleitaly/
- Curious City is a recurring WBEZ segment where the public can ask a question about Chicago and WBEZ reporters will work to answer their question in forms such as articles, videos, and radio stories. The question that inspired this article was from an Italian American who was always told about the “old neighborhood” growing up, but Little Italy today, did not reflect the stories he was told. This led him to ask, as an Italian, “where is my neighborhood?” In answering his question, Monica Eng, looked into the development of UIC and how that transformed the neighborhood. This article illustrates how Richard J. Daley’s urban renewal efforts intended to transform Chicago into a modern city but this often led to the displacement of low-income, ethnic communities, including the Italian residents of Little Italy. Daley’s administration championed the expansion of UIC, which facilitated the gentrification of the area. The article provides firsthand accounts and historical context, showing how the construction of UIC’s campus and other redevelopment efforts led to the physical and cultural erasure of communities like Little Italy.
Haar, Sharon. The City as Campus: Urbanism and Higher Education in Chicago. 1st ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.
- Sharon Haar is an architect and one of a handful of UIC faculty writing about the campus through the lenses of their field. In this book, Haar situates UIC in broader political, urban, and architectural context. The Chicago context is interesting, and Haar shows how the mere idea of an urban public university and the forms it would take respond to older Chicago institutions: Hull House, which Haar positions as an assimilationist force of domesticity, and the Chicago School, which reflected many trends in conventional educational design. A spatially focused narrative keeps the work organized, and compared to Rosen’s public policy analysis (also referenced on this page), this keeps the work more concise while obviating a wider breadth of analysis. Still, new details emerge in Haar’s more updated piece, and important nuances of the site selection process are highlighted. Context of broader urban renewal policy and comparisons with other institutions such as University of Chicago and Illinois Institute of Technology position the modernist design and genesis of the UIC project as emblematic of a certain pedagogical ethos. Reflective chapters discuss critique and changes to the campus, as well as tie UIC with the book’s larger claims about urban educational design in Chicago.
Fernandez, Lillia. “Chapter 3: Race, Class, Housing, and Urban Renewal: Dismantling the Near West Side,” Brown in the Windy City: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Postwar Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Chapter 3, Race, Class, Housing and Urban Renewal: Dismantling the Near West Side, charts the beginnings of Urban Renewal on the Near West Side. The city used urban renewal to supposedly revitalize the Near West Side communities, but instead they wanted to find ways to bring in whites and white businesses into the city and keep communities of color and other poor communities out. Black, Mexican, Puerto Rican and Italian communities were affected by this and were forced to move to make room for the highways and UIC to be built. UIC was built where the Italian community and Hull House used to be. The Near West Side Planning Board advocated for the rights of the communities in the Near West side, and specifically for public housing to be built. The board tried to get all the communities to work together and advocate to be designated for public housing. That backfired. As Professor Fernandez illustrates, this designation made the Near west side vulnerable to clearance and eminent domain. Parts of the Near West Side were demolished to build UIC. Italians, Mexicans, blacks and other groups were all displaced. Professor Fernandez writes in great length about the grit and courage of these communities and the NWSPB not to give up.
Fernandez, Lillia. “From the Near West Side to 18th Street: Un/Making Latino/a Barrios in Postwar Chicago.” In Beyond El Barrio: Everyday Life in Latina/o America, edited by Gina M. Pérez, Frank A. Guridy, and Adrian Burgos, 233–52.
- In Ch. 11 of Beyond El Barrio: Everyday Life in Latina/o America, Professor Fernandez focuses on the Mexican and Puerto Rican communities in Chicago. She begins with charting their journey to the Near West Side of Chicago from Latin America in the early 1900s. They lived among Blacks, Italians, and Greek Americans. As their community began to grow, many formed civic groups such as the Mexican Civic Committee and Mexican American Council to advocate for their rights. Mexicans were regarded as second-class citizens in Chicago and were repeatedly denied housing opportunities. They lived in substandard housing and many were unemployed. They fought alongside the Near West Side Planning Board for their area to be designated as a slum for new public housing to be built. That backfired and led to the city declaring the neighborhood to be a site for a brand-new U of I campus. Professor Fernandez tells the story of the toll of being displaced to a new community and having to cope with racism within the Polish community. The Latino community was moved to Little Village and Pilsen where many still live today. She writes about how the community began to rebuild itself after relocating to Pilsen. The displacement and toll that these communities endured after the building of UIC must not be forgotten.
Hirsch, Arnold R. “Urban Renewal.” Encyclopedia of Chicago. Accessed November 18, 2024. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1295.html.
- It is difficult to study Chicago’s urban development without coming across the name Arnold Hirsch. Professor of history and a frequent contributor to the Encyclopedia of Chicago, Hirsch in this entry provides a succinct foundation for studying urban renewal in the Windy City. In the decades following World War II, large residential swaths of cities across the nation had begun to reach their golden years. Their wrinkles came under a magnifying glass when the suburbs began to boom. Commercial interests and civic coffers grew fearful—and ravenous. Their concerns had arrived in Springfield, and state legislation in the 1940s and 1950s aided in clearing and redeveloping these areas (as in other states). Federal policy modeled after these programs soon followed, injecting massive public investment into private megaprojects in Chicago for years to come. Only a brief discussion of renewal’s disproportionate impacts on communities of color and low-income neighborhoods is included in this article, but Hirsch’s The Making of the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 is considered a classic.
Rast, Joel. “Creating a Unified Business Elite.” In The Origins of the Dual City. United States: University of ChicagoPress, 2019.
- Joel Rast is an American historian and urban studies scholar whose work primarily focuses on the development of cities, urban policy, and the political and economic dynamics of American cities, particularly Chicago. In this chapter he discusses the idea that the business leaders worked together to push their ideas for urban redevelopment policies that directly benefited themselves. To support his claim he discusses the founding of the Chicago Central Area Committee, an organization created in 1956 to provide a unified voice for the downtown corporate community in civic affairs. This committee brought together powerful business leaders to ensure that urban renewal projects prioritized commercial and institutional expansion, often at the expense of working-class and minority communities. Rast also connects the business elite and their influence to the destruction of the Little Italy neighborhood to make way for the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Rosen, George. Decision-Making Chicago-Style : The Genesis of a University of Illinois Campus. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980.
- One of the earliest faculty-authored analyses of the creation of UIC, Rosen’s public policy analysis also provides instructions on what to skip for a “straight history.” Indeed, his book is a minute-by-minute chronology of the process that led to the ultimate construction of the University of Illinois Circle Campus. Its encyclopedic approach supports a central argument that it was not so much a forceful Daley as it was a multi-stakeholder process with various constraints, changing interests, and evolving opportunities that led to the eventual construction of UIC and the divided Hull House that settled for a partial preservation. Important nuances are uncovered, and the minutiae of these occurrences will be useful to all kinds of researchers. Negotiations between the University Board of Trustees, Mayor Daley, and various officials are painstakingly organized and presented. A complete and winding path from idea to construction is charted, and some surprising details emerge along the way. A helpful timeline is included as an appendix.
Royko, Mike. Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago. New York. Plume Publishing, 1988.
- Mike Royko was a Pulitzer Prize winning Chicago columnist who advocated for the “little guy” and was outspoken about corruption in Chicago politics. In Royko’s biography of Daley he speaks out about Daley reshaping Chicago through large scale urban renewal policies and the displacement of working class and minority neighborhoods to achieve the vision he had for the city. A key aspect of Daley’s vision was the redevelopment of the area surrounding UIC, which played a pivotal role in the university’s expansion. As part of the larger urban renewal efforts in the 1960s and 1970s, the city cleared areas to make way for UIC’s new campus, displacing local residents and businesses in the process. Royko’s book highlights the political motivations behind these redevelopment efforts, offering valuable context for understanding how Daley’s urban policies were shaped by both political compliance and the interests of business elites. Royko not only shows the physical cost of Daley’s policies, but also the social cost of residents losing their communities.
Sorrentino, Anthony. Organizing against Crime : Redeveloping the Neighborhood. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1977.
- Anthony Sorrentino’s book offers an account of his life and community-organizing work on Chicago’s Near West Side from his childhood in the 1920’s to the time of its writing in 1977. Its aim, in large part, is to provide a full history of the West Side Community Committee (later renamed the Near West Side Community Committee, or NWSCC) as a program of Clifford Shaw’s Chicago Area Project. Sorrentino outlines Shaw’s establishment of the program in 1934 as a real-world practice of his delinquency-prevention and self-help theories. Emerging from the University of Chicago sociology department’s study of juvenile delinquency, Shaw’s programs quickly became the prototype for delinquency prevention and welfare programs of the federal government. Sorrentino begins his book by describing his childhood on the Near West Side as the child of working class Italian immigrants and analyzing the social, political, and economic corruptions of the neighborhood which he attributes to the problem of juvenile delinquency. Then turning to Shaw’s establishment of the WSCC as a program of the Chicago Area Project, Sorrentino spends the next several chapters describing the work of the committee; detailing the process of organizing local teenagers into clubs, neighborhood clean-up programs, and free health clinics for school children (among others). The final part of the book deals with the establishment of the Near West Side Planning Board- and the role of the WSCC in its organization- as a grassroots attempt to democratically engage with urban renewal policies that were feared as having the potential for displacing the community. Sorrentino describes the arduous, years-long processes of first organizing a temporary and then a permanent planning board, conducting years-long studies on the neighborhood and potential remedies for blight, and finally their disheartening defeat in the struggle against the construction of UIC at the Harrison-Halsted site. While the entirety of this book provides context to community organizing on the Near West Side, the final chapters dealing with the NWSPB and the construction of UIC are crucial reading for anyone seeking to understand the history of urban renewal on the Near West Side.
“The Boss and the Bulldozer”. Chicago Stories. PBS
- Richard J. Daley is the big “boss” of Chicago and this documentary highlights his role in Urban Renewal in Chicago. This episode of Chicago Stories shows us the power dynamics and politics that were involved in Daley’s plan to transform Chicago. This episode examines how Daley’s political machine drove the demolition of neighborhoods, displacing thousands of working-class and African American residents to make way for new infrastructure, highways, and commercial developments. This source also showed how Daley’s words did not align with his actions because he never aimed to fix a neighborhood’s infrastructure, he just wanted to tear it down and start new. “The Boss and the Bulldozer” is valuable for understanding the role of political power in shaping urban policy and its long-term consequences, particularly in cities like Chicago. This source showed how closely entwined business and political agendas are and how the welfare of the people living in these neighborhoods labeled for slum clearance is overlooked completely.
Von Hoffman, Alexander. “The Lost History of Urban Renewal.” Journal of Urban History 29, no. 3 (2003): 319–348.
- This article examines the historical origins of 20th century U.S. urban renewal programs; placing particular emphasis on the shifting definitions and, in turn, practices, of urban renewal policies. Von Hoffman contends that as a result of a concerted effort on the part of the real estate industry to curb the influence of public housing advocates and to capture the potential profit value in federal housing programs, the policies of “urban redevelopment” articulated in the 1949 Housing Act were co-opted and re-defined as “urban renewal” in the 1954 Housing Act. In contrast to the focus that the 1949 act placed on the demolition of blighted areas and the construction of public housing, the 1954 act emphasized building code enforcement and rehabilitation of substandard buildings in addition to privately-constructed housing. This vision of urban redevelopment, in contrast to earlier visions of urban renewal, offered private industry (as they deemed) a sufficient stake in the reconstruction of U.S. cities. Von Hoffman notes that the origins of the contrasting ideas of “urban redevelopment” and “urban renewal” cannot be reduced to a change of name, but rather that this shift is representative of a watershed moment in U.S. urban renewal policy which fundamentally changed the trajectory of U.S. cities. This article provides crucial context for understanding the contesting political and ideological forces surrounding urban renewal in which UIC’s construction was situated.
Winling, LaDale C. “Introduction” in Building the Ivory Tower : Universities and Metropolitan Development in the Twentieth Century. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2018. 1-13.
- From the beginning, universities and colleges have introduced class differences in cities because most, if not all, universities were founded with a business interest in mind. However, when enrollment started rising rapidly after World War II, the cities encompassing the universities could not keep up. There was overcrowding in cities because of the influx of new students, which ultimately led to the rise of the suburb. This introduction to Building the Ivory Tower gives an insightful overview to the impact universities have on the cities that surround them, and the role that universities have in societal and economical change.

Key Sources, annotated by our class:

By: Robert B., Colin G., Amy H., and Ayah K.

Further Reading:

Web Resources

Books

At Special Collections, Harold Washington Library Center